UCSP LESSON 1

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,SOCIETY AND POLITICS

responded

MODULE 1: CULTURAL,SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

  • Social institution- Social Institutions Examples. A social institution consists of a group of people who have come together for a common purpose.
  • Family- the basic unit in society traditionally consisting of two parents rearing their children.
  • Family Orientation- often compared to family of procreation. Family of procreation refers to the family you create through marriage and by having or adopting children.
  • Family of procreation- often compared to family of orientation, which is the family that we are born into.

  • Practices in tracing family lineage

  • Unillineal system- asystem of determining descent groups in which one belongs to one’s father’s or mother’s line, whereby traced either exclusively through male ancestors (patriline), female (matriline).
  • Patrillineal– relating to or based on relationship to the father or descent through the male line.
  • Matrillineal– refers to familial relationships that can be traced through a female.
  • To follow the matrilinealline in your family, start with your mom.
  • Bilateral-comes from Latin: bimeans “two” and lateralis means “belonging to the side.” Debates about issues can be described as bilateral — as long as people on both sides get to speak. However, bilateral can describe anything with two sides, like some of the organs in the body: the brain, heart and lungs all have two distinct sides.

 

  • Marriage

    Some cultures, marriage is arranged by families, and in others people choose their own husbands or wives if they decide to marry. There are some places where marriage is limited to unions between a man and a woman, while more and more states and countries recognize marriage between same-sex couples too.

  •          Types of Marriage

  • Societies rules og marriage- For the societies that practice marriage there are rules about whom one can marry and cannot marry (note: not all groups marry; traditionally the Na in Southwest China do not marry). All societies have some form of an incest taboo that forbids sexual relationships with certain people. This is variable from culture to culture. Several explanations have been preferred to explain the origins of incest taboos. One cites biological reasons. Non-human primates seem to have an instinctual aversion to having sex with near relatives, so perhaps the same happens for humans. Another biological reason is that the incest taboo was established to maintain biological diversity. This suggests that people understood the consequences of breeding with relatives.
  • Endogamy- marriage within one’s own tribe or group as required by custom or law.
  • Exogamy- marriage to a person belonging to a tribe or group other than your own as required by custom or law.
  • Polygany– having more than one wife at a time.
  • Polyandry- having more than one  relationship.husband at a time.
  • Monogamy-is when you are married to, or in a sexual relationship with, one person at a time. Humans are one of the few species that practice monogamy. Well, sometimes.
  • You may have heard of something called polygamy, which is having more than one spouse at a time. The difference between monogamy and its antonym, polygamy, lies in the prefixes. In Greek, poly means “multiple,” while mono means just the opposite: “single.” Therefore, if you are committed to one romantic partner at a time, you are in a monogamous
  • Sharia Law- the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed.

  •  TYPES OF RESIDENCE

  • Patriolocal residence-is structured by a rule that a man remains in his father’s house after reaching maturity and brings his wife to live with his family after marriage. Daughters, conversely, move out of their natal household when they marry.
  • Matrilocal residence-  is instituted by a rule that a woman remains in her mother’s household after reaching maturity and brings her husband to live with her family after marriage. Sons, conversely, move out of their natal household after marriage to join their wife’s household. It can take on a number of forms, some, but not all of which occur within matrilineal societies. Non-standard cases include socieites with bride service, in which a man moves in with his wife’s family but sets up his own household after his obligations are met.
  • Ambilocal residence- also called bilocal residence is the societal postmarital residence in which couples, upon marriage, choose to live with or near either spouse’s parents.
  • Neolocal residence- type of post-marital residence in which a newly married couple resides separately from both the husband’s natal household and the wife’s natal household.
  • Fictive kinship- a term used by anthropologists and ethnographers to describe forms of kinship or social ties that are based on neither consanguineal nor affinal ties, in contrast to true kinship ties
  • Compradazgo– the reciprocal relationship or the social institution of such relationship existing between a godparent or godparents and the godchild and its parents in the Spanish-speaking world (as in South America)

  • Types of family in the contemporay world

  • Transitional family- is a residential service for young women and children. The goal is to assist these young women in developing the educational, vocational and social skills necessary for a successful transition to self sufficiency.
  • Single parent- parent is a parent who parents alone. It means there is an absence of the other parent as opposed to a co-parent, meaning that the parent is not the only parent regardless of whether or not they are a couple.
  • Reconstituted- The simple definition of a blended family, also called a step family, reconstituted family, or a complex family, is a family unit where one or both parents have children from a previous relationship, but they have combined to form a new family. The parents may or may not then have children with each other.

  • Legal separation

        A legal process by which a married couple may formalize a de facto separation while remaining legally married. A legal separation is granted in the form of a court order.

  • Annulment

    -legal procedure within secular and religious legal systems for declaring a marriage null and void.

  • Divorce

    known as dissolution of marriage, is the termination of a marriage or marital union, the canceling or reorganizing of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving .

  • Politics among family members

  • Patriachal– a social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property.
  • Matriachal– a social system in which females hold the primary power positions in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property at the specific exclusion of males – at least to a large degree.
  • Egalitarian-relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

  • Politics among families in society

  • Political Dynasty-  

    is a family in which several members are involved in politics, particularly electoral politics. Members may be related by blood or marriage; often several generations or multiple siblings may be involved.

  • Incest- sexual activity between family members or close relatives. This typically includes sexual activity between people in a consanguineous relationship (blood relations), and sometimes those related by affinity, stepfamily, those related by adoption or marriage, or members of the same clan or lineage.

MODULE 2 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

  •     A political organisation or political organization is any organization that involves itself in the political process, including political parties, non-governmental organizations, advocacy groups and special interest groups.

TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS

Acephalous Societies

  • Also known as stateless societies.
  • There is no central authority, administrative power, and judicial institution.
  • Small scale groups that create decisions through consensus or voting systems.
  • Culturally homogenous
  • Primarily agriculturally-dependent
  • Marriage practices are polygamous.
  • Religious beliefs are animistic
  • An example of a stateless society is the Nuer group from South Sudan.

Cephalous Societies

  • Also known as state societies.
  • A central governmental institution, authority, and judicial power over its people.
  • Wealth, status, and privilege correspond to authority and power
  • Borders or territories are strictly guarded.
  • Culturally heterogenous
  • Leaders of state societies need to foster good relationships with leaders from other state societies.
  • An example of a state society is the Philippines.


Classification of Societies

  • Bands

    -Smallest and most primitive

    – Live autonomously and are comprised of small kin .

    – Hunting and gathering is their typical way of life.

    – Social order is achieved through informal public opinion in the forms of gossip and avoidance.

  • Tribes

  • – Do not not have a formal and organized political structure.- Usually bigger than bands and are primarily food producers.- Give great value on agriculture and husbandry than hunting and gathering. – Social order is maintained through a kinship and family system led by a community head

  • Chiefdoms

  • – More complex than tribes and bands.
  • – Already have a form of social and political structure characterized by a community leader.
  • – Dependent upon the judgment of chief.
  • – Economic activities among chiefdoms are more advanced and successful compared to that of tribes and bands.

  • States

  • – The most politically organized and structurally-developed among the classifications of societies.
  • – Self governing societies.
  • – Bureaucracy is heavily practiced by states.
  • – Its people and territories are protected by its own military.

 


Authority and Legitimacy

Authority – refer to an individual’s expertise in aparticular topic of interest.

– in the political sense therefore, means that a certain political entity has the right to use and exercise its power over a specific group or society.


Classification of Authority Definition

  • Traditional Authority-A status system or hierarchy is allocated for each member of the group.This classification could be associated with hereditary power where status and power are passed on through genetics.
  • Charismatic Authority
  • This classification is more dependent on personality than status.It is not limited by rules but is more controlled by the authority figure’s intentions. It can inspire devotion and total control of power
  • Legal – Rational Authority
  •  This is found in more industrialized, modern societies where power rests upon a particular office and not upon a specific person.Authority and power are exercised based on laws. As such, the law and the judiciary are seen as the highest forms of power in society.
  • Legitimacy
  • – belief that a certain entity has a right to rule or to be in authority.- this would imply that power and authority is seen as something that is rightful and acceptable to be upheld by the governing body.
  •  According to Beetham, for a political organization or entity to be considered legitimate, it must meet three criteria:
  •  Power must be exercised according to rules.
  •  Rules must be justified both by the political government and the society.
  •  The governed should consent and agree with the power and authority of the political

Lesson 5: Empowerment Technology

ICT as Platform for Change

“You never miss the water until the well runs dry” and maybe, the same saying goes for the Internet. How many times has your ISP deprived you of your right to access the Internet? How many times have you been frustrated? But besides not being able to update what you had for dinner last or updating your profile picture, there are actually far bigger things this world would have missed without the Internet. In fact, ICT in general has played a key role in our history.

The Role of ICT in Recent History
Throughout recent history, the Philippines has been one of a few nations that demonstrates unity for a call to action or social change. These campaigns for social change would have not been successful if it were not for ICT.
⦁ EDSA (People Power Revolution). The People Power Revolution lasted from 1983 to1986. During a radio broadcast of Radyo Veritas, Cardinal Sin encouraged the Filipinos to help end the regime of then President Ferdinand Marcos. A major protest took place along EDSA from February 22 to 25, 1986 involving two million Filipinos from different sectors. These included civilians, political parties, the military, and religious groups. The radio broadcast helped change the course of history. Without it, Filipinos would not have been moved into action.
⦁ EDSA Dos. This is also known as the 2001 EDSA Revolution, happened during January 17, to 21, 2001. It was fueled after 11 prosecutors of then President Joseph Estrada walked out of the impeachment trial. As a result, the crowd in EDSA grew over the course of a few days through text brigades. Like the first People Power Revolution, EDSA Dos would not have been successful without the text brigades.
⦁ Million People March. This is a series of protest that mainly took place in Luneta Park from August 22 to 26, 2013. There were also several demonstrations that happened around key cities in the Philippines and some locations overseas. It was to condemn the misuse of the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF). Though dubbed as the Million People March, the number of total attendees was only around 400,000. Despite that, it was still considered a success and clearly demonstrated how powerful social media campaigns are. The organizers and promoters of the Million People March used Facebook and Change.org as their mediums.
⦁ Yolanda People Finder. Recent storms in Philippine history gave birth to the People finder database powered by Google. During typhoon Yolanda, the People Finder was a vital tool for people across the globe to track the situation of their relatives during calamities.

What is an Online Petition?
A petition is a time-tested way to make change. At its simplest, it’s a clear request to a decision maker, signed by many supporters.

Change.org
Change.org is dubbed as the “world’s platform for change” where anyone from the online community can create a petition and ask others to sign it. During the past times, petitions are only done through signing a paper, usually done by a group asking for signatures via travel. The site gives access to more people by allowing the online community to affix their digital signatures on a petition.
Change.org’s mission is to help people from around the world create the change they want to see. For years, Change.org hosted several petitions that help solve the following problems: economic problems, criminal injustice, abuse of human rights, lack of education, environmental concerns, animal abuse, human health concerns, and world hunger.

Lesson 1: OM

Planning is the function of management that involves setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving those objectives. Planning requires that managers be aware of environmental conditions facing their organization and forecast future conditions. It also requires that managers be good decision makers.

Planning is a process consisting of several steps. The process begins with environmental scanning which simply means that planners must be aware of the critical contingencies facing their organization in terms of economic conditions, their competitors, and their customers. Planners must then attempt to forecast future conditions. These forecasts form the basis for planning.

Planners must establish objectives, which are statements of what needs to be achieved and when. Planners must then identify alternative courses of action for achieving objectives. After evaluating the various alternatives, planners must make decisions about the best courses of action for achieving objectives. They must then formulate necessary steps and ensure effective implementation of plans. Finally, planners must constantly evaluate the success of their plans and take corrective action when necessary.

There are many different types of plans and planning.

Strategic planning involves analyzing competitive opportunities and threats, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, and then determining how to position the organization to compete effectively in their environment. Strategic planning has a long time frame, often three years or more. Strategic planning generally includes the entire organization and includes formulation of objectives. Strategic planning is often based on the organization’s mission, which is its fundamental reason for existence. An organization’s top management most often conducts strategic planning.

Tactical planning is intermediate-range (one to three years) planning that is designed to develop relatively concrete and specific means to implement the strategic plan. Middle-level managers often engage in tactical planning.

Operational planning generally assumes the existence of organization-wide or subunit goals and objectives and specifies ways to achieve them. Operational planning is short-range (less than a year) planning that is designed to develop specific action steps that support the strategic and tactical plans

Lesson 2:

Organizing

Organizing is the function of management that involves developing an organizational structure and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives. The structure of the organization is the framework within which effort is coordinated. The structure is usually represented by an organization chart, which provides a graphic representation of the chain of command within an organization. Decisions made about the structure of an organization are generally referred to as organizational design decisions.

Organizing also involves the design of individual jobs within the organization. Decisions must be made about the duties and responsibilities of individual jobs, as well as the manner in which the duties should be carried out. Decisions made about the nature of jobs within the organization are generally called “job design” decisions.

Organizing at the level of the organization involves deciding how best to departmentalize, or cluster, jobs into departments to coordinate effort effectively. There are many different ways to departmentalize, including organizing by function, product, geography, or customer. Many larger organizations use multiple methods of departmentalization.

Organizing at the level of a particular job involves how best to design individual jobs to most effectively use human resources. Traditionally, job design was based on principles of division of labor and specialization, which assumed that the more narrow the job content, the more proficient the individual performing the job could become. However, experience has shown that it is possible for jobs to become too narrow and specialized. For example, how would you like to screw lids on jars one day after another, as you might have done many decades ago if you worked in company that made and sold jellies and jams? When this happens, negative outcomes result, including decreased job satisfaction and organizational commitment, increased absenteeism, and turnover.

Recently, many organizations have attempted to strike a balance between the need for worker specialization and the need for workers to have jobs that entail variety and autonomy. Many jobs are now designed based on such principles as empowerment, job enrichment and teamwork. For example, HUI Manufacturing, a custom sheet metal fabricator, has done away with traditional “departments” to focus on listening and responding to customer needs. From company-wide meetings to team huddles, HUI employees know and understand their customers and how HUI might service them best (Huimfg, 2008).

Lesson 3

Leading

Leading involves the social and informal sources of influence that you use to inspire action taken by others. If managers are effective leaders, their subordinates will be enthusiastic about exerting effort to attain organizational objectives.

The behavioral sciences have made many contributions to understanding this function of management. Personality research and studies of job attitudes provide important information as to how managers can most effectively lead subordinates. For example, this research tells us that to become effective at leading, managers must first understand their subordinates’ personalities, values, attitudes, and emotions.

Studies of motivation and motivation theory provide important information about the ways in which workers can be energized to put forth productive effort. Studies of communication provide direction as to how managers can effectively and persuasively communicate. Studies of leadership and leadership style provide information regarding questions, such as, “What makes a manager a good leader?” and “In what situations are certain leadership styles most appropriate and effective?”

Lesson 3: Empowerment Technology

TOP PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WEB DESIGN
Like the phrase ‘beauty is in the eye of the beholder’, effective web design is judged by the users of the website and not the website owners. There are many factors that affect the usability of a website, and it is not just about form (how good it looks), but also function (how easy is it to use).

Websites that are not well designed tend to perform poorly and have sub-optimal Google Analytics metrics (e.g. high bounce rates, low time on site, low pages per visit and low conversions). So what makes good web design? Below we explore the top 10 web design principles that will make your website aesthetically pleasing, easy to use, engaging, and effective.
1. PURPOSE
Good web design always caters to the needs of the user. Are your web visitors looking for information, entertainment, some type of interaction, or to transact with your business? Each page of your website needs to have a clear purpose, and to fulfill a specific need for your website users in the most effective way possible.
2. COMMUNICATION
People on the web tend to want information quickly, so it is important to communicate clearly, and make your information easy to read and digest. Some effective tactics to include in your web design include: organising information using headlines and sub headlines, using bullet points instead of long windy sentences, and cutting the waffle.
3. TYPEFACES
In general, Sans Serif fonts such as Arial and Verdana are easier to read online (Sans Serif fonts are contemporary looking fonts without decorative finishes). The ideal font size for reading easily online is 16px and stick to a maximum of 3 typefaces in a maximum of 3 point sizes to keep your design streamlined.

4. COLOURS
A well thought out colour palette can go a long way to enhance the user experience. Complementary colours create balance and harmony. Using contrasting colours for the text and background will make reading easier on the eye. Vibrant colours create emotion and should be used sparingly (e.g. for buttons and call to actions). Last but not least, white space/ negative space is very effective at giving your website a modern and uncluttered look.
5. IMAGES
A picture can speak a thousand words, and choosing the right images for your website can help with brand positioning and connecting with your target audience. If you don’t have high quality professional photos on hand, consider purchasing stock photos to lift the look of your website. Also consider using infographics, videos and graphics as these can be much more effective at communicating than even the most well written piece of text.
6. NAVIGATION
Navigation is about how easy it is for people to take action and move around your website. Some tactics for effective navigation include a logical page hierarchy, using bread crumbs, designing clickable buttons, and following the ‘three click rule’ which means users will be able to find the information they are looking for within three clicks.
7. GRID BASED LAYOUTS
Placing content randomly on your web page can end up with a haphazard appearance that is messy. Grid based layouts arrange content into sections, columns and boxes that line up and feel balanced, which leads to a better looking website design.
8. “F” PATTERN DESIGN
Eye tracking studies have identified that people scan computer screens in an “F” pattern. Most of what people see is in the top and left of the screen and the right side of the screen is rarely seen. Rather than trying to force the viewer’s visual flow, effectively designed websites will work with a reader’s natural behaviour and display information in order of importance (left to right, and top to bottom).

9. LOAD TIME
Everybody hates a website that takes ages to load. Tips to make page load times more effective include optimising image sizes (size and scale), combining code into a central CSS or JavaScript file (this reduces HTTP requests) and minify HTML, CSS, JavaScript (compressed to speed up their load time).
10: MOBILE FRIENDLY
It is now commonplace to access websites from multiple devices with multiple screen sizes, so it is important to consider if your website is mobile friendly. If your website is not mobile friendly, you can either rebuild it in a responsive layout (this means your website will adjust to different screen widths) or you can build a dedicated mobile site (a separate website optimised specifically for mobile users).

Business Mathematics

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Business Mathematics is also a specialized subject of an ABM student in SHS.

Business Mathematics is all about the different formula and ways to solve the problem that we can encounter in business. Just like for example, we order a product from a manufacturer with a cost of 10 per pieces, how much will you mark it up if you will sell it on your store? This can be solve when we update our lesson all about business mathematics.

 

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